【文明的 三大要素 和 五大特征】 (原创天地) 3502次阅读
观看【yijuhua】的博客Cultivation
City
Citizen
Civil
Centralized Governance
Civilization
三大要素:
都市的出现, 政体的建立和实施
文字系统(不是简单的形式和工具)
经济和宗教的 实施
五大特征:
1。 脱离 超越 原始望天收 的 农作,农耕, 农业,
2。 国家政体,及其工具: 司法,监狱,军队,官僚机构和 施政系统
3。 文字系统的普遍使用,宗教的盛行,
4。 建筑,像样的建筑,比如宫殿等, 而非 洞穴棚庵,
5。 经济 商业的实行,劳动专业的分工等,
文字系统(不是简单的形式和工具)
经济和宗教的 实施
五大特征:
1。 脱离 超越 原始望天收 的 农作,农耕, 农业,
2。 国家政体,及其工具: 司法,监狱,军队,官僚机构和 施政系统
3。 文字系统的普遍使用,宗教的盛行,
4。 建筑,像样的建筑,比如宫殿等, 而非 洞穴棚庵,
5。 经济 商业的实行,劳动专业的分工等,
A civilization (or civilisation in British English) most broadly is any complex state society[1][2][3]
characterized by a
social hierarchy,[1][2][3][4] ----
政体等级
symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems),[4][5] ---
书写系统
and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.[5][6][7] ---
摆脱 超离 望天收 原始 生存条件
characterized by a
social hierarchy,[1][2][3][4] ----
政体等级
symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems),[4][5] ---
书写系统
and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.[5][6][7] ---
摆脱 超离 望天收 原始 生存条件
Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined
by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including
urbanization (or the development of cities),[2][4]
centralization,[2][4]
the domestication of both humans and other organisms,[3][7]
specialization of labor,[2][3][7] culturally ingrained ideologies of progress[7]
and supremacism,[3] monumental architecture,[4] taxation,[4]
societal dependence uponagriculture,[6] and expansionism.[3]
Historically, a civilization was an "advanced" culture in contrast to more
supposedly barbarian, savage, or primitive cultures.[1][3][4][8]
More neutrally, civilization is contrasted with more ancient, less stratified societal models,
including the cultures of hunter-gatherers, nomadic pastoralists,
tribal villagers, and band societies.
specialization of labor,[2][3][7] culturally ingrained ideologies of progress[7]
and supremacism,[3] monumental architecture,[4] taxation,[4]
societal dependence uponagriculture,[6] and expansionism.[3]
Historically, a civilization was an "advanced" culture in contrast to more
supposedly barbarian, savage, or primitive cultures.[1][3][4][8]
More neutrally, civilization is contrasted with more ancient, less stratified societal models,
including the cultures of hunter-gatherers, nomadic pastoralists,
tribal villagers, and band societies.
------- 英文部分 from wiki